Олександр Малишев / Oleksandr Malyshev

Malyshev Oleksandr. Theodoric the Great’s Legislation on Protection of Monuments and the Significance of the Ostrogothic Renaissance in the Context of Heritage Law History

Introduction. The Ostrogothic conquest of Italy is one of the turning points in the historical transition from the ancient Greco-Roman to the new European civilization to which we now tend to think that we belong. Since then, the protection of historical heritage has become one of the defining features of the European culture, particularly of the legal one. The transition from a cyclical to a linear model of time comprehension has occurred. The awareness of its transience and irreversibility as well as the fragility of the usual order of things is raised. In view of this, the best representatives of mankind become conscious of the need to preserve the best heritage of previous ages. Thus, the very spirit and principles of the future cultural heritage law are born.

The aim of the article is an analysis of the array of legal documents on the protection of monuments from the period under consideration and an assessment of the place of the Ostrogothic renaissance in the history of cultural heritage law.

Results. Theodoric’s legislation on monument protection is represented mainly by documents contained in The «Variae» of Cassiodorus. These are royal orders addressed to a certain category of subjects or certain officials of the state. The ruler in his acts touches on many issues, both purely practical and conceptual. Objects to be protected are identified, responsible persons are appointed, professional requirements are emphasized, specific methodological advice on restoration works is provided, and liability for damage to monuments is defined. It is interesting to emphasize the priority of maintaining a holistic context over the protection of individual objects.

It reached the conclusion about a progressive character and an outstanding significance of the Ostrogothic Renaissance for the safeguarding of classical culture and the formation of modern European civilization. The reflections of the Early Middle Ages, encrypted in the «Variae», are part of the intangible message of classical culture. Communication with this culture is the main resource for the progress of our civilization.

Key words: Theodoric the Great, Ostrogothic Renaissance, cultural heritage, cultural property, restoration.

Увазі читача пропонується авторський переклад поеми «Про витоки права». Поема була написана латинською мовою орієнтовно в 1540-х рр. Автором поеми є іспанський поет-гуманіст і видатний вітчизняний юрист польсько-литовської доби — Петро Роїзій (бл. 1505–1571 рр.).

Malyshev O. О. (Kyiv). Historia de derecho vestida en el hexámetro (una traducción del poema de Pedro Ruiz de Moros «De origine iuris»).
Se señala a su atención una traducción del poema “Sobre el origen del derecho”. El poema fue escrita en latín aproximadamente en los años 1540. El autor del poema fue Pedro Ruiz de Moros (c. 1505–1571) — un poeta neolatino aragonés y un notable jurista inextricablemente vinculado con la história ucraniana de derecho de la
época polaco-lituana.
Palabras clave: Pedro Ruiz de Moros, derecho romano, mos gallicus, literatura renacentista, origenes de derecho.

Malyshev Oleksandr. Cultural Heritage in Juridical Realm of Things.

Introduction. This article deals with the concepts of cultural heritage and cultural property from the standpoint of legal history and philosophy. This research reflection was inspired by the Draft Law of Ukraine “On Cultural Market Goods”. The author follows the path determined by language and by peculiarities of civil law tradition. It is high time to return to a dialectical understanding of Romance and Germanic traditions as two contradictive poles of heritage law understanding in Continental Europe.
The aim of the article is the analysis of the correlation of “cultural heritage” and “cultural property” notions within international law and national law of Ukraine, and integration of these notions into the united concept of heritage law.
Results. First, the fundamental terms and definitions – for instance, “bien” (French) and  “Sache” (German) – related to the property law have been analysed in relevant civil codes of Romance and Germanic traditions. The property law in the civil law tradition provides a certain legal description of the whole visible and abstract world. Hence, the way passed from the Napoleonic Code to the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch was both the development of legal forms, as well as the evolution of the world outlook reflected in the legal texts.
In the French Code civil, one can observe a baroque pattern of the world of things, especially manifested by a difficult correlation between “bien” and “chose” concepts. The definition of “Sache” in Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch demonstrates the positivistic world vision. Because Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch is more advanced from the legal drafting methodology, its specific patterns and notions were implemented by the civil codes of the majority of European countries. On the contrary, in the heritage law realm, the Romance “bien” concept has been dominating.
Conclusions. Paper states that the Romance law tradition and, particularly, the French doctrine of the civil law have a determining impact on the roots and on the formation of the modern vision of the cultural property. Hence, such doctrinal foundations seem to be efficient for a systematic and organic comprehension of the heritage law.
Key words: cultural heritage, cultural property, biens culturels, things, property law.

MalyshevO.O.(Kyiv).Terminological metamorphoses of Magdeburg
City Law
The use of variants of the concept of City Law in the texts of monuments
of Magdeburg law is considered.
Keywords: legal translation, City Law, Magdeburg law, Saxon Weichbild,
P. Szczerbicz, B. Groiсki.

Malyshev O. O. The Romance and Germanic archaeological law traditions: a generalization attempt

The article offers the author‘s view of the formation of the Romance and German legal traditions. Common ideas about such differentiation existed among archaeologists. This ideas correlate with typologies widely accepted in the comparative jurisprudence where the Romance and Germanic groups within the Continental legal family are distinguished by some authors. The article argues that some essential differences between Romance and Germanic models of property rights and deriving from this the specificity of the public law intervention to the private domain constitute the main reason for the comparison of the archaeological law in the States of both groups (both in the history and nowadays). The Romance concept of property, implemented later in the Napoleon Civil Code, is directly inherited from the Roman law, while the German concept is a result of reflection of the Roman law through the German local circumstances. Romance property concept is almost an absolute, while the general idea explaining the Germanic socialised property concept is the famous “Eigentum verpflichtet” (Property obliges) from the Weimar Constitution. The absoluteness of the Romance concept caused the development of the skilful Public law toolbox being indispensable for intervention in the Private property domain. Thereby the Public archaeological laws were primarily adopted in some Romance countries (Italian cities, France, Spain etc.). First Germanic archaeological public laws appeared in Sweden had the Italian laws as an example. In Germany there weren’t special heritage protection laws before the XX century and the Germanic legal institutions generally seem simpler. 
Differences between the legislations and juridical style in the Romance and Germanic traditions give us the possibility of the dialectical interpretation of some international law instruments in the archaeological sphere. It particularly relates to the case of the revised European convention on protection of the archaeological heritage (1992). This important instrument was elaborated almost without the participation of the East European countries and it represents a result of the synthesis of both traditions which were in their rather puristic state at that time.

Malyshev O. O. “Hadrian's division” of treasure and the Archaeological law


The principle of “Hadrian’s division” refers to the reserved in the Institutes of Justinian manner of sharing the discovered treasure. The establishment of this principle is ascribed to the Roman emperor Hadrian (76–138). According to Hadrian any discovered treasure is to be shared equally between its inventor and the landowner. There are specific conditions depending on the differences in the form of landownership but the general principle of equal sharing tends to be kept in its original form.
At the same time, the tradition to declare the treasure exceptionally belonging to the public authority also can be traced to the ancient world. In spite of the multitude of sophistically designed theories based on the wealth and ambivalence of the source material which are preserved, many circumstances surrounding this question still remain unclear. The mentioned theories themselves are rather fragile. In this way, just a revision of dating of one poetic fragment of Calpurnius Siculus permitted to the Italian scholar P. Bonfante to revise, at the beginning of XX century, all the chronology of Roman legal means concerning the treasure.
Currently, the “Hadrian’s division” is implemented in the majority of effective civil codes based on Roman law but this provision often comes into conflict with administrative legislation governing the procedure for the casual archaeological finds. Said contradiction lies in the conceptual sphere. The Roman law as well as the engendered by its influence legal tradition estimate treasure primarily from the point of view of its property value. In this framework, the governmental attempts to legitimatize its claims on appropriation of treasure (whole or in part) are based on the same reason.
In the similar pattern, the contemporary Archaeological law of many countries often establishes an administrative procedure relating to the accidental discovery and appropriation of any archaeological find by the state or a similar public entity. However, the approach in the second case is based not on the property but on the scientific and cultural value of the object.
Key words: treasure, “Hadrian’s division”, Roman law, Archaeological law, treasure hunters.

The question of preserving cultural heritage has always been acutely addressed at the international level. Numerous institutions have repeatedly offered a variety of solutions, ranging from the most democratic to strict regulations for the dissemination of cultural property. Taking into account the previous experience, in 2017 the Council of Europe has elaborated a new Convention on offences relating to Cultural Property and opened it for signature in Nicosia (capital of the Republic of Cyprus). The fundamental difference between the new international legal instrument from the previous conventions is not so much cultural, instead the Nicosia Convention appears to be more criminal-legal orientated. The main task was to fight not with separate encroachments on cultural goods, but to create a general atmosphere of intolerance towards the suspicious transactions, the destruction of the usual infrastructure of the relevant shadow market.

Malyshev O. O. Historical development of the Italian legislation on the archaeological heritage protection
The article is devoted to the research of the historical development of Italian legislation on the archaeological heritage protection. Chronological frames of the investigation are vast enough. Legislative acts from the first XVth century’s Papal Bulls to the adoption of the actually applicable Urbani Code (2004) are analyzed.
It is hard to mark the actual Italian archaeological law out of the system of the general heritage law in this country but many elements of archaeological law in the whole world were initially developed on the Italian territory. Inter alia, it should be mentioned the authorizing proceedings for archaeological excavations, report obligation in a case of archaeological find, heritage cataloging, establishment of archaeological protective zones etc. Although ancient Italian legislation is primarily interested in the protection of archaeological objects as works of art, the elements of cultural and educative estimation of these objects also appear very early. Papal State occupies the first place in the realm of heritage legislation but some preunitarian states of Italy (for example Venice, Naples, Toscane etc.) were also able to develop his original heritage protective models.
1860-1870 Italy unification was marked by decline of the heritage protection movement as well as of the relative legislation owing to the liberal ideology that considered private property as the principal social value and refuted any public intervention in that sphere. Only in the first decade of the XXth century appeared first all-Italian laws for protection of the cultural property (in the first place – Nazi Law of 1902 and Rosadi Law of 1909). Bottai Law of 1939 initiated a new phase of heritage legislation development. In accordance with this law the transition from the governmental heritage protection to the heritage tutelage and from the catalogative conception of the cultural property to the abstract one was happened. In this basis goes on the actual advance of the Italian legislation and national archaeological heritage management mechanism. That advance is obvious in the actually applicable Urbani Code of 2004. This Code introduces modern mechanisms of preventive archaeology and develops the Landscape concept of the heritage tutelage. The experience of Italy demonstrates all cobwebs of the archaeological law problems giving hope to a despairing Ukrainian heritage movement that its problem can have a solution.

Malyshev O. O. (Kyiv). Petrus Royzius and his juristical heritage
The article is devoted to the figure and works of one of the authors of 1566s Second Statute of Lithuania – Spanish poet and lawyer Petrus Royzius, whose creative heritage is analyzed.

ДЕЯКІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОПІКИ І ПІКЛУВАННЯ  НАД НЕПОВНОЛІТНІМИ В УКРАЇНІ ЗА ДОБИ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ІМПЕРІЇ
У статті дається характеристика інститутів опіки і піклування над непо­внолітніми в Україні за часів Російської імперії. З огляду на широту та складність об'єкта дослідження, зосередження робиться на окремих його аспектах, які, на думку автора, розкривають сутність відповідних інститутів. Основна увага приді­ ляється місцю опіки і піклування над неповнолітніми в системі права опіки і піклування загалом, їх різновидам і становим особливостям, а також питанню під­ відомчості справ. Стаття грунтується на наукових працях та законодавстві досліджуваного періоду, а також архівних матеріалах міських сирітських судів. Ключові слова: опіка і піклування, сирітські суди, становість, неповнолітні, Російська імперія.
В статье дается характеристика институтов опеки и попечительства над несовершеннолетними в Украине во времена Российской империи. Основное внимание уделено месту опеки и попечительства над несовершеннолетними в системе права опеки и попечительства в целом, их разновидностям и со­словным особенностям, а также вопросу подведомственности дел. Статья ос­новывается на научных трудах и законодательстве исследуемого периода, а также архивных материалах городских сиротских судов. Ключевые слова: опека и попечительство, сиротские суды, сословность, несо­вершеннолетние, Российская империя.

The article characterizes institutions of guardianship over under ages in Ukraine at times of Russian empire. The research emphasizes its significance in the whole system of guardianship low, analyze different kinds of guardianship over under ages according to estate and the question of powers. The article is based on period scientific research and legislation as well as on archive sources from mu­nicipal orphan courts.

О. О. МАЛИШЕВ, аспірант ­Інститу­ту ­дер­жави­ і ­пра­ва ім.­ В.­М. ­Ко­ рець­ко­го ­НАН ­України СТВОРЕННЯ ТА ПОЧАТКОВИЙ СТАТУС КИЇВСЬКОГО МІСЬКОГО СИРІТСЬКОГО СУДУ У статті розглядаються питання створення в Києві сирітського суду у 1835–1836 роках у контексті скасування у місті магдебурзького права. Особливаувага приділяється характерному статусу сирітського суду, який законодавчо визначався як самостійний орган, а на практиці не мав окремого штату та постійного складу. Клю­чові­ слова: сирітський суд, Російська імперія, магдебурзьке право, Київський магістрат, опіка.

The article is devoted to the problem of orphan court, its establishment in Kiev in 1835– 1836 in context of abolition of town's autonomy, which previously was based on Magdeburgian law. Special attention is focused on specific status of such court, which legally was defined as independent organ, but in fact had neither its own staff, nor permanent employees.

Malyshev O. O. Urban orphan courts in Ukraine: historical and legal research. – On rights for a manuscript.
Thesis for obtaining a scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences (Law) on the speciality 12.00.01 – theory and history of state and law, history of political and legal doctrines. – V. M. Koretsky Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. – Kyiv, 2012.
Thesis is an integrated historical and legal research of urban orphan courts in Ukraine, established in the Russian Empire at the end of XVIII century, which conduct a proceeding in a guardianship cases of burghers, merchants, personal nobilities, peasants, living in towns, and commoners. Brief analysis of available data on the history of guardianship authorities of Ukrainian lands before the introduction of orphan courts is done. The reasons and historical background of orphan courts introduction in the Russian Empire were detected. The regulatory and organizational support for the spread of orphan courts in Ukrainian lands, its further evolution and the abolition during the period of soviet power establishment were characterized. The legal status of orphan courts, the legal forms of their cooperation with other public authorities was defined. The regularities of the law enforcement activities of orphan courts in guardianship cases were detected .
Key words: Ukraine, history of state and law, Urban orphan courts, guardianship, custody, guardianship authority.